What it is
The control stack turns model outputs into safe, timed, constrained hardware commands.
Why it matters
Physical AI cannot skip control without losing precision, safety, or reliability.
How not to overread it
End-to-end policy language often hides control-stack dependencies.
Related edges
Motion planning
Execution
A planned trajectory is not actual hardware behavior.
Robot policy
Hardware commands
Model output must respect control constraints.
Inference latency
Control loop
Slow commands can be wrong even if semantically correct.
ROS middleware
Robot software integration
Middleware enables systems but is not a capability claim.